Bruniquel is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

The tiny fortified village of 561 inhabitants is at an altitude of 250 m (820 ft) by the river Aveyron. The river Vère flows northward through the commune, then flows into the Aveyron, which forms most of the commune's northern border.

The village is a picturesque mixture of old pink stone and red tile with a dramatic belfry, medieval gateways and defensive walls. Two feudal medieval castles dominate the village and the valley, one of which is the Château de Bruniquel.

The 'old' castle was built in the 12th century on the ruins of an earlier fortress said to have been founded by Queen Brunehaut in the 6th century and remained occupied until the 20th century. It was the home of William of Tudela who wrote the first part of La Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, an account of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars. The castle is notable for a gallery 20 metres (66 ft) long in Renaissance style overhanging the valley of which it offers steep views that many visitors find alarming.

The 'young' castle was built in the 15th century and occupied for about 200 years. It now houses a museum of prehistory exhibiting "treasures of Bruniquel" found in several caves near the castles.

These caves include the Cave of Mayrières supérieure which contains ancient wall paintings that were damaged by overenthusiastic graffiti cleaners in 1991 and the Bruniquel Magdalenian abris, as well as the Bruniquel Cave that includes evidence of Neanderthal activity.

Bruniquel Cave was closed naturally during the Pleistocene, and no one entered it until cavers dug through the collapsed entrance in 1990. A plan was made of the structures in the early 1990s, and a burnt bone was carbon-dated to over 47,600 years (carbon-14 was no longer detectable so this is a vague estimate rather than scientific fact), but research stopped after the death of the lead archaeologist François Rouzaud, and it was unclear whether the structures could be attributed to the Neanderthals. In 2013, Jacques Jaubert and his colleagues decided to study and date the structures; they published a letter outlining the results of their research in Nature in 2016.

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